Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy or PEMF therapy, harnesses the power of frequency specific microcurrent for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis using pulsed electromagnetic fields. Unlike frequency specific microcurrent there are no electrodes attached so sessions with PEMF are far more convenient. While magnetic therapy for arthritis has traditionally been done using static magnetic therapy, a far more efficient way to use magnetic therapy to fight rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis is by using pulsed electromagnetic field therapy also known as PEMF therapy.
Despite the beneficial effects shown by well designed pulsed magnetic field therapy studies for arthritis, funding for PEMF research in this field only results in two or three well designed studies per year.
The field of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is fraught with red-herring studies (studies designed to fail) to show PEMF has no validity. Either that or the researchers simply weren’t very sharp. Had these studies red-herrings been designed properly, we would expect they would show the routine effects we have come to expect since 2002 and shown in the citations below.
“Paula, my wife, after being very leery of gadgetry and supplements became a believer. Her improvement has been just short of spectacular. Her rheumatoid arthritis is about 80% less than before.”
We can tell you that based on our return for refund rate and client feedback over 13 years, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy works; particularly when used with a good joint formula like GLC2000 & organic sulfur. PEMF promotes various healing mechanisms, and has been shown in peer reviewed studies to promote bone and connective tissue regeneration, even where degenerative conditions like rheumatoid arthritis exist.
Frequency specific PEMF in the tight range around 10 Hz up-regulates ATP synthesis thereby accelerating all repair mechanism. Results in bone and connective issues can be significant or spectacular when combined with good joint formula like GLC2000 from glcdirect.com. Where the quality of the bone itself is involved Bone-Up from Jarrow Labs is the ticket. Either of them or both combined with the EarthPulse™ sleep-machine will ensure those supplements are put to their ultimate best use.
When joints are damaged, there’s no going without a good joint formula and GLC is the best stuff there is (and relatively inexpensive too). Where condition is severe it may be advisable to take organic sulfur and GLC along with your nightly PEMF exposure.
All night use is one of the distinct advantages that EarthPulse™ has over all the other PEMF systems we compete against; long applications that re-tune the mitochondria in the damaged tissue while helping to promote deep sleep. The cells heal themselves due to More-ATP.
Pulsed electromagnetic field effects are highly dependent upon application time, waveform and frequency. The addition of pulsed electromagnetic fields to nutritional supplementation for cartilage and bone matrix regeneration in arthritis and other long standing joint / bone issues provides synergistic effects.
We guarantee your satisfaction only; we don’t ask nor do we care why you purchase an EarthPulse™. Robert O. Becker MD discovered that 8 hour on – 8 hours off cycles were best for all applications using DC current. “8 hour all night use is the next best thing” according to Dr. Bob.
Eastern European researchers found the most effective waveform (square) and frequency (10 Hz) back in the 1970’s. Largely, Western studies are missing the frequency and waveform target and only a few studies have been able to replicate those Eastern European results. Our’s generally surpass them all due to length of exposure.
Longer duration, regular interval pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure at the proper amplitude, pulse shape (waveform) and frequency (HZ) provide reliable bone matrix and cartilage matrix regeneration. Add nutritional support and recovery from both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can be surprising.
Pulsed electromagnetic field research has proven PEMF’s capable of equal or far better results than conventional therapies and invasive procedures like arthroscopic surgery, bone grafting, bone cement, etc., without side effects, pain, expense and risk of complications. The plethora of failures in the research can be largely-attributed to ‘red-herring’ studies; i.e. short duration PEMF application, use of incorrect waveform or frequency, or combination of all three.
Bibliographical information is offered for educational purposes only and definitely not as promotional material for our novel pulsed electromagnetic field technology.
Magnetic Therapy for Arthritis – Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy PEMF Arthritis Bibliography
Compared to placebo, there was a beneficial effect of PEMF therapy on pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis and that’s just studies that where done using whatever PEMF Device they had for testing.
To read the source, use Pubmed and search for Title of the citations or PMID #.
Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment reduces expression of genes associated with disc degeneration in human intervertebral disc cells.
Miller SL, Coughlin DG, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Lotz JC.
Spine J. 2016 Jan 15. pii: S1529-9430(16)00043-7. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.01.003. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 26780754
[Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis in rabbits with osteoarthritis].
Xie W, Zhou J, Luo QL, Liu HF, He CQ.
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2014 Jan;45(1):107-10. Chinese.
PMID: 24527594
In vivo effect of two different pulsed electromagnetic field frequencies on osteoarthritis.
Veronesi F, Torricelli P, Giavaresi G, Sartori M, Cavani F, Setti S, Cadossi M, Ongaro A, Fini M.
J Orthop Res. 2014 May;32(5):677-85. doi: 10.1002/jor.22584. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
PMID: 24501089 Free Article
Int Orthop. 2014 Feb;38(2):397-403. doi: 10.1007/s00264-013-2216-7. Epub 2013 Dec 20.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a randomised controlled trial.
Adravanti P1, Nicoletti S, Setti S, Ampollini A, de Girolamo L.
Efficacy of low frequency pulsed subsensory threshold electrical stimulation vs placebo on pain and physical function in people with knee osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis. (a low quality review with no indication of exposure times or amplitudes. the classic “red-herring”.
Negm A, Lorbergs A, Macintyre NJ.
Complement Ther Med. 2013 Dec;21(6):603-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.004. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
Magnetotherapy in hand osteoarthritis: a pilot trial.
Kanat E1, Alp A, Yurtkuran M.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Sep;21(9):1281-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.015.
Non-invasive electromagnetic field therapy produces rapid and substantial pain reduction in early knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind pilot study.
Nelson FR, Zvirbulis R, Pilla AA.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for management of osteoarthritis-related pain, stiffness and physical function: clinical experience in the elderly. Published Date September 2013 Volume 2013:8 Pages 1289—1293 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S35926 Tommaso Iannitti,1,2 Gregorio Fistetto,2 Anna Esposito,2 Valentina Rottigni,2,3 Beniamino Palmieri2,3 1Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA; 2Poliambulatorio del Secondo Parere, Modena, Italy; 3Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
Rheumatol Int. 2013 Aug;33(8):2169-73. doi: 10.1007/s00296-012-2366-8. Epub 2012 Mar 27.Rheumatol Int. 2013 Aug;33(8):2169-73. doi: 10.1007/s00296-012-2366-8. Epub 2012 Mar 27.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review.
Ryang We S, Koog YH, Jeong KI, Wi H.
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 May;52(5):815-24. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes063. Epub 2012 Apr 13. Review.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the bioactivity of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
Sadoghi P, Leithner A, Dorotka R, Vavken P.
Orthopedics. 2013 Mar;36(3):e360-5. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20130222-27.(Red-Herring 75 Hz study)
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on cartilage apoptosis signalling pathways in ovariectomised rats.
Li S, Luo Q, Huang L, Hu Y, Xia Q, He C.
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2014 Jan;45(1):107-10.
[Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis in rabbits with osteoarthritis].
[Article in Chinese]
Xie W1, Zhou J1, Luo QL1, Liu HF1, He CQ1.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2011 Oct;32(7):543-51. doi: 10.1002/bem.20663. Epub 2011 Mar 15.
Chondroprotective effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on human cartilage explants.
Ongaro A, Pellati A, Masieri FF, Caruso A, Setti S, Cadossi R, Biscione R, Massari L, Fini M, De Mattei M.
Source
Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
*Changes in XIAP and Bax mRNA expression may be the mechanism by which PEMF therapy affects postmenopausal osteoarthritis.
Joint Bone Spine. 2011 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Comparing different physical factors on serum TNF-α levels, chondrocyte apoptosis, caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in osteoarthritis of the knee in rabbits.
Guo H, Luo Q, Zhang J, Lin H, Xia L, He C.
Source
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2009 Dec;47(12):939-48.
Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field–a viable alternative therapy for arthritis.
Ganesan K, Gengadharan AC, Balachandran C, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R.
Source
Department of Biotechnology, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.
J Rehabil Med. 2009 May;41(6):406-11.
Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Vavken P, Arrich F, Schuhfried O, Dorotka R.
Source
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 1016, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Indian J Orthop. 2009 Jan;43(1):17-21.
Biophysical stimulation in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
Leo M, Milena F, Ruggero C, Stefania S, Giancarlo T.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2008 Dec;62(10):709-15. Epub 2007 Apr 3.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on knee cartilage, subchondral and epyphiseal trabecular bone of aged Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs.
Fini M, Torricelli P, Giavaresi G, Aldini NN, Cavani F, Setti S, Nicolini A, Carpi A, Giardino R.
Source
Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Research Institute Codivilla-Putti, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Mar;16(3):292-304. Epub 2007 Aug 16.
Characterization of adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes exposed to low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Varani K, De Mattei M, Vincenzi F, Gessi S, Merighi S, Pellati A, Ongaro A, Caruso A, Cadossi R, Borea PA.
Source
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
Jahns ME, Lou E, Durdle NG, Bagnall K, Raso VJ, Cinats D, Barley RD, Cinats J, Jomha NM.
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on chondrocyte morphology.
Med Biol Eng Comput. 2007 Oct;45(10):917-25. Epub
2007 Aug 14. PMID: 17701237 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Zorzi C, Dall’Oca C, Cadossi R, Setti S.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on patients’ recovery after arthroscopic surgery: prospective, randomized and double-blind study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007 Jul;15(7):830-4. Epub 2007 Feb 28. PMID: 17333120 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of different extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on osteoblasts.
Zhang X, Zhang J, Qu X, Wen J.
Department of Physics, Fourth Military Medical University, Shanxi, China.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2007 Oct;28(7):519-28. Links
Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue engineering.
Tsai MT, Chang WH, Chang K, Hou RJ, Wu TW.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
J Orthop Res. 2007 Sep;25(9):1213-20. Links
Effects of BMP-2 and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on rat primary osteoblastic cell proliferation and gene expression.
Selvamurugan N, Kwok S, Vasilov A, Jefcoat SC, Partridge NC.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
J Orthop Res. 2007 Jul;25(7):933-40. Links
Pulsed electromagnetic fields rapidly modulate intracellular signaling events in osteoblastic cells: comparison to parathyroid hormone and insulin.
Schnoke M, Midura RJ.
Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Orthopaedic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, ND20, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007 Feb 28; [Epub ahead of print] Links
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on patients’ recovery after arthroscopic surgery: prospective, randomized and double-blind study.
“Sacro Cuore Don Calabria” Hospital, Via don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar (Vr), Italy.
Severe joint inflammation following trauma, arthroscopic surgery or infection can damage articular cartilage, thus every effort should be made to protect cartilage from the catabolic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate cartilage anabolic activities. Previous pre-clinical studies have shown that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) can protect articular cartilage from the catabolic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prevent its degeneration, finally resulting in chondroprotection. These findings provide the rational to support the study of the effect of PEMFs in humans after arthroscopic surgery. The purpose of this pilot, randomized, prospective and double-blind study was to evaluate the effects of PEMFs in patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of knee cartilage. Patients with knee pain were recruited and treated by arthroscopy with chondroabrasion and/or perforations and/or radiofrequencies. All patients were instructed to use PEMFs for 90 days, 6 h per day. Patients were interviewed for the long-term outcome 3 years after arthroscopic surgery. Thirty-one patients completed the treatment. KOOS values at 45 and 90 days were higher in the active group and the difference was significant at 90 days (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients who used NSAIDs was 26% in the active group and 75% in the control group (P = 0.015). At 3 years follow-up, the number of patients who completely recovered was higher in the active group compared to the control group (P < 0.05).
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007 Feb;15(2):163-8. Epub 2006 Aug 14. Links
Proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage explants exposed to different low-frequency low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2007 Jan 2; [Epub ahead of print] Links
[Are SPA therapy and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effective for chronic neck pain? Randomised clinical trial First part: clinical evaluation.]
Centre de recherche rhumatologique et thermal, BP 234, 73102 Aix-les-Bains cedex, France.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Nov;88 Suppl 3:56-60. Links
Biophysical stimulation with pulsed electromagnetic fields in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Ferrara, Corso della Giovecca, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Altern Ther Health Med. 2006 Sep-Oct;12(5):42-9. Links
Regenerative effects of pulsed magnetic field on injured peripheral nerves.
Department of Biophysics, University of Cukurova School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
Previous studies confirm that pulsed magnetic field (PMF) accelerates functional recovery after a nerve crush lesion. The contention that PMF enhances the regeneration is still controversial, however. The influence of a new PMF application protocol (trained PMF) on nerve regeneration was studied in a model of crush injury of the sciatic nerve of rats. To determine if exposure to PMF influences regeneration, we used electrophysiological recordings and ultrastructural examinations. After the measurements of conduction velocity, the sucrose-gap method was used to record compound action potentials (CAPs) from sciatic nerves. PMF treatment during the 38 days following the crush injury enhanced the regeneration. Although the axonal ultrastructures were generally normal, slight to moderate myelin sheath degeneration was noted at the lesion site. PMF application for 38 days accelerated nerve conduction velocity, increased CAP amplitude and decreased the time to peak of the CAP. Furthermore, corrective effects of PMF on. the abnormal characteristics of sensory nerve fibers were determined. Consequently, long-periodic trained-PMF may promote both morphological and electrophysiological properties of the injured nerves. In addition, corrective effects of PMF on sensory fibers may be considered an important finding for neuropathic pain therapy.
J Hand Surg [Am]. 2006 Sep;31(7):1131-5. Links
Pulsed magnetic field therapy increases tensile strength in a rat Achilles’ tendon repair model.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
PURPOSE: To examine the effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields on the biomechanic strength of rat Achilles’ tendons at 3 weeks after transection and repair. RESULTS: In the animals receiving PMF exposure, an increase in tensile strength of up to 69% was noted at the repair site of the rat Achilles’ tendon at 3 weeks after transection and repair compared with nonstimulated control animals. If similar effects occur in humans, rehabilitation could begin earlier and the risk of developing adhesions or rupturing the tendon in the early postoperative period could be reduced.
Eur J Histochem. 2006 Jul-Sep;50(3):199-204. Links
Stimulation of osteoblast growth by an electromagnetic field in a model of bone-like construct.
Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, via Forlanini 10, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Pain Res Manag. 2006 Summer;11(2):85-90.Exposure to a specific pulsed low-frequency magnetic field: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of effects on pain ratings in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients.
Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario N6A 4V2.
BACKGROUND: Specific pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to induce analgesia (antinociception) in rodents and healthy human volunteers. OBJECTIVE: The effect of specific PEMF exposure on pain and anxiety ratings was investigated in two patient populations. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel design was used. METHOD: The present study investigated the effects of an acute 30 min magnetic field exposure. CONCLUSION: These findings provide some initial support for the use of PEMF exposure in reducing pain in chronic pain populations and warrants continued investigation into the use of PEMF exposure for short-term pain relief.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006 May;32(5):769-75.Click here to read Links
Comparison of ultrasound and electromagnetic field effects on osteoblast growth.
Center for Nano Bioengineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan, Republic of China.
This study compares the mechanisms of ultrasound (US) on osteoblast proliferation with those of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), by different signal transduction pathway inhibitors. The cells were stimulated for 15 min under US or for 2 h under PEMF exposure. Twenty-four h after the beginning of stimulation, the cells were harvested and used for mitochondrial activity test (MTT) analysis. The results showed that there are different transduction pathways for US and PEMF stimulation that lead to an upgrade of osteoblast proliferation, although their pathways all lead to an increase in cytocolic Ca2+ and activation of calmodulin. These findings offer a biochemical mechanism to support the process of ultrasound and PEMF-induced enhanced healing of bone fractures.
J Int Med Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;34(2):160-7.
Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic therapy for chronic lower back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Lee PB, Kim YC, Lim YJ, Lee CJ, Choi SS, Park SH, Lee JG, Lee SC.
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial studied the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic therapy (PEMT) in patients with chronic lower back pain. In conclusion, PEMT reduced pain and disability and appears to be a potentially useful therapeutic tool for the conservative management of chronic lower back pain.
Rheumatol Int. 2006 Feb;26(4):320-4. Epub 2005 Jun 29.
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of cervical osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial.
Sutbeyaz ST, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF.
Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Turk ocagi S No: 3 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) on pain, range of motion (ROM) and functional status in patients with cervical osteoarthritis (COA). Pain levels in the PEMF group decreased significantly after therapy (p<0.001), but no change was observed in the placebo group. The active ROM, paravertebral muscle spasm and neck pain and disability scale (NPDS) scores improved significantly after PEMF therapy (p<0.001) but no change was observed in the sham group. The results of this study are promising, in that PEMF treatment may offer a potential therapeutic adjunct to current COA therapies in the future.
J Orthop Res. 2006 Jan;24(1):2-10.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on maturation of regenerate bone in a rabbit limb lengthening model.
Taylor KF, Inoue N, Rafiee B, Tis JE, McHale KA, Chao EY.
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA.
J Rehabil Med. 2005 Nov;37(6):372-7.
Ice and pulsed electromagnetic field to reduce pain and swelling after distal radius fractures.
Cheing GL, Wan JW, Kai Lo S.
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2005 Oct;71(5):571-6.
Pulsed electromagnetic stimulation of regenerate bone in lengthening procedures.
Luna Gonzalez F, Lopez Arevalo R, Meschian Coretti S, Urbano Labajos V, Delgado Rufino B.
Servicio de Traumatologia, Hospital Clinico Universitario “Virgen de la Victoria”, Malaga, Spain. glupsnif@hotmail.com
Distraction osteogenesis for limb lengthening represents the treatment of choice in patients with small stature or limb length discrepancies. Bone lengthening and callus formation requires a long therapy. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are normally used to enhance osteogenesis in patients with non-unions. In this study we investigated whether pulsed electromagnetic fields could be used effectively to encourage callus formation and maturation during limb lengthening procedures. Thirty patients underwent bilateral bone lengthening of the humerus, femur or tibia. At day 10 after surgery, PEMF stimulation was started on one side, for 8 hours/day. Stimulated distraction sites exhibited earlier callus formation and progression, and a higher callus density compared to non-stimulated sites. External fixation could be removed on average one month earlier in PEMF stimulated bones. Our results show that the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation during limb lengthening allows shortening the time of use of the external fixation.
J Orthop Res. 2005 Jul;23(4):899-908. Epub 2005 Mar 17.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce knee osteoarthritic lesion progression in the aged Dunkin Hartley guinea pig.
Fini M, Giavaresi G, Torricelli P, Cavani F, Setti S, Cane V, Giardino R.
Department of Experimental Surgery, Codivilla-Putti Research Institute, Rizzoli Institute of Orthopaedics, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136
An experimental in vivo study was performed to test if the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) on chondrocyte metabolism and adenosine A2a agonist activity could have a chondroprotective effect on the knee of Dunkin Hartley guinea-pigs of 12 months with spontaneously developed osteoarthritis (OA). After a pilot study, 10 animals were randomly divided into two groups: PEMF-treated group (6 h/day for 3 months) and Sham-treated group. The PEMF-treated animals showed a significant reduction of chondropathy progression in all knee examined areas. The present study results show that PEMFs preserve the morphology of articular cartilage and slow the progression of OA lesions in the knee of aged osteoarthritic guinea pigs. The chondroprotective effect of PEMFs was demonstrated not only in the medial tibial plateau but also on the entire articular surface of the knee.
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2005 Sep-Oct;143(5):544-50.
[Adjuvant treatment of knee osteoarthritis with weak pulsing magnetic fields. Results of a placebo-controlled trial prospective clinical trial]
[Article in German] Fischer G, Pelka RB, Barovic J.Institut fur Hygiene an der Universitat Graz, Osterreich.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was the objective control of the therapeutic effect of weak pulsing magnetic fields (series of periodically repeating square pulses increasing according to an e-function, frequencies of 10, 20, 30, and 200-300 Hz) by means of a double-blind study on osteoarthritis of the knee. Measured parameters were the Knee Society score, pain sensation, blood count and cardiocirculatory values. METHODS: 36 placebo and 35 verum test persons (all with a knee gap smaller than 3 mm) were exposed daily for 16 minutes over 6 weeks to a low frequency magnetic field (flux densities increasing gradually from 3.4 up to 13.6 microT) encompassing the whole body. The last data collection was made 4 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Principally, the statistically ensured results exclusively favour the used magnetic field therapy; by far the greatest number of at least significant differences was found at the end of the whole treatment, lasting 6 weeks. In particular, it is striking that all 4 questioned pain scales showed at least significant improvements in favour of the verum collective; also the walking distance was increased. As another confirmed fact, even after 4 weeks without therapy the persistence of several functional and analgesic effects could be documented. CONCLUSIONS: Predominantly, on the one hand, pain relief in osteoarthritis patients was confirmed by a double-blind trial, on the other hand, increases in mobility could be proven. Furthermore, we describe mainly the modes of action of low frequency magnetic energy and 3 physical concepts that are seen as the connecting link between electromagnetic fields coupled into connective tissue and biochemical repair and growth processes in bones and cartilage. Proceeding from the results of this and preceding studies, one has to consider seriously whether this kind of magnetic field application should not be employed as cost-effective and side effect-free alternative or adjuvant form of therapy in the field of orthopaedic disorders.
J Neurosurg Spine. 2005 Jan;2(1):3-10.Links
Oscillating field stimulation for complete spinal cord injury in humans: a phase 1 trial.
Shapiro S, Borgens R, Pascuzzi R, Roos K, Groff M, Purvines S, Rodgers RB, Hagy S, Nelson P.
Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
J Orthop Res. 2004 Sep;22(5):1086-93.
Bone mass is preserved in a critical-sized osteotomy by low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields as quantitated by in vivo micro-computed tomography.
Ibiwoye MO, Powell KA, Grabiner MD, Patterson TE, Sakai Y, Zborowski M, Wolfman A, Midura RJ.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, ND20, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
The effectiveness of non-invasive pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on stimulating bone formation in vivo to augment fracture healing is still controversial, largely because of technical ambiguities in data interpretation within several previous studies. To address this uncertainty, we implemented a rigorously controlled, blinded protocol using a bilateral, mid-diaphyseal fibular osteotomy model in aged rats that achieved a non-union status within 3-4 weeks post-surgery. Bilateral osteotomies allowed delivery of a PEMF treatment protocol on one hind limb, with the contralateral limb representing a within-animal sham-treatment. Bone volumes in both PEMF-treated and sham-treated fibulae were assessed simultaneously in vivo using highly sensitive, high-resolution micro-computed tomography (microCT) over the course of treatment. We found a significant reduction in the amount of time-dependent bone volume loss in PEMF-treated, distal fibular segments as compared to their contralateral sham-treated bones. Osteotomy gap size was significantly smaller in hind limbs exposed to PEMF over sham-treatment. Therefore, our data demonstrate measurable biological consequences of PEMF exposure on in vivo bone tissue.
South Med J. 2004 May;97(5):519-24.Links
Reversal of delayed union of anterior cervical fusion treated with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation: case report.
Mackenzie D, Veninga FD.
Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Plano, Plano, TX, USA.
J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004 Mar-Apr;43(2):93-6.
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on hindfoot arthrodesis: a prospective study.
Dhawan SK, Conti SF, Towers J, Abidi NA, Vogt M.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11213, USA.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in a consecutive series of 64 patients undergoing hindfoot arthrodesis (144 joints). All patients who underwent elective triple/subtalar arthrodesis were randomized into control and pulsed electromagnetic field study groups. Subjects in the study group had an external pulsed electromagnetic fields device applied over the cast for 12 hours a day. Radiographs were taken pre- and postoperatively until radiographic union occurred. A senior musculoskeletal radiologist, blinded to the treatment scheme, evaluated the radiographic parameters. The average time to radiographic union in the control group was 14.5 weeks in 33 primary subtalar arthrodeses. There were 4 nonunions. The study group consisted of 22 primary subtalar arthrodeses and 5 revisions. The average time to radiographic union was 12.9 weeks (P =.136). The average time to fusion of the talonavicular joint in the control group was 17.6 weeks in 19 primary procedures. In the pulsed electromagnetic fields group of 20 primary and 3 revision talonavicular arthrodeses, the average time to radiographic fusion was 12.2 weeks (P =.003). For the 21 calcaneocuboid arthrodeses in control group, the average time to radiographic fusion was 17.7 weeks; it was 13.1 weeks (P =.010) for the 19 fusions in the study group. This study suggests that, if all parameters are equal, the adjunctive use of a pulsed electromagnetic field in elective hindfoot arthrodesis may increase the rate and speed of radiographic union of these joints.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2003;37(5):410-3.
[The efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields used alone in the treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis: a report of two cases]
[Article in Turkish] Seber S, Omeroglu H, Cetinkanat H, Kose N.
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medicine Faculty of Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
Long-term radiologic and clinical results of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are presented with illustration of two patients having Ficat-Arlet grade 2 osteonecrosis of the femoral head. One patient (female, age 33 years) had bilateral involvement due to systemic steroid use, the other (male, age 39 years) had right-sided involvement of unknown etiology. Surgical treatment was ruled out because of aplastic anemia associated with significant thrombocyte deficiency in the first patient, while the other refused surgery. Pulsed electromagnetic fields were applied as the sole treatment modality in three hips for six months with a duration of 10 hours daily (at nights). At the end of 12-year- and five-year-follow-ups, respectively, clinical improvement was observed in all hips, with no radiologic deterioration. It is concluded that application of PEMF stimulation alone may be an alternative treatment modality in patients in whom surgical treatment cannot be performed for femoral head osteonecrosis, in particular Ficat-Arlet grade 1 and 2 disease.
Spine. 2003 Dec 15;28(24):2660-6. Links
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields enhances motor recovery in cats after spinal cord injury.
Crowe MJ, Sun ZP, Battocletti JH, Macias MY, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ.
Neuroscience Research Laboratories, The Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
Effects of different intensities of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on formation of osteoclast-like cells.
Chang K, Chang WH, Wu ML, Shih C.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, Republic of China.
J Pediatr Orthop. 2003 Jul-Aug;23(4):478-83.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit tibial leg lengthening model.
Fredericks DC, Piehl DJ, Baker JT, Abbott J, Nepola JV.
Bone Healing Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) would shorten the healing time of regenerate bone in a rabbit tibial distraction model. Beginning 1 day after surgery, mid-shaft tibial osteotomies, stabilized with external fixators, were distracted 0.25 mm twice daily for 21 days and received either no exposure (sham control) or 1 hour per day exposure to low-amplitude, low-frequency PEMF. Tibiae were tested for torsional strength after 9, 16, and 23 days post-distraction. PEMF-treated tibiae were significantly stronger than shams at all three time points. By 16 days post-distraction, the PEMF group had achieved biomechanical strength essentially equivalent to intact bone. Shams did not achieve normal biomechanical strength even after 23 days post-distraction. In this tibial distraction model, short daily PEMF exposures accelerated consolidation of regenerate bone.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 Jun;11(6):455-62.
Modification of osteoarthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field–a morphological study.
Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B.
Department of Orthopaedics, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002 Aug 30;114(15-16):678-84
Pulsed magnetic field therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee–a double-blind sham-controlled trial.
Nicolakis P, Kollmitzer J, Crevenna R, Bittner C, Erdogmus CB, Nicolakis J.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Pulsed magnetic field therapy is frequently used to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis, although its efficacy has not been proven. We conducted a randomized, double-blind comparison of pulsed magnetic field and sham therapy in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. CONCLUSION: In patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, PMF treatment can reduce impairment in activities of daily life and improve knee function.
NeuroRehabilitation 2002;17(1):63-7
Evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the treatment of pain in patients with lumbar radiculopathy or the whiplash syndrome.
Thuile Ch, Walzl M.
International Society of Energy Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
NeuroRehabilitation 2002;17(1):9-22
Physical mechanisms in neuroelectromagnetic therapies.
Liboff AR, Jenrow KA.
Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD003523.
Electromagnetic fields for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Hulme J, Robinson V, DeBie R, Wells G, Judd M, Tugwell P.
Cochrane Collaborating Center, Center for Global Health, Institute of Population Health – University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5.
J Med Eng Technol. 2002 Nov-Dec;26(6):253-8.
Comparison between the analgesic and therapeutic effects of a musically modulated electromagnetic field (TAMMEF) and those of a 100 Hz electromagnetic field: blind experiment on patients suffering from cervical spondylosis or shoulder periarthritis.
Rigato M, Battisti E, Fortunato M, Giordano N.
Department of Physics, Section of Medical Physics University of Sienna, Italy
Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002 Sep;134(3):248-50.
Effect of bioresonance therapy on antioxidant system in lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Islamov BI, Balabanova RM, Funtikov VA, Gotovskii YV, Meizerov EE.
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
Changes in the lymphocyte antioxidant system indicate that bioresonance therapy activates nonspecific protective mechanisms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002 Aug 30;114(15-16):678-84
Pulsed magnetic field therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee–a double-blind sham-controlled trial.
Nicolakis P, Kollmitzer J, Crevenna R, Bittner C, Erdogmus CB, Nicolakis J.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AKH Wien, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Altern Ther Health Med 2001 Sep-Oct;7(5):54-64, 66-9
Low-amplitude, extremely low frequency magnetic fields for the treatment of osteoarthritic knees: a double-blind clinical study.
Jacobson JI, Gorman R, Yamanashi WS, Saxena BB, Clayton L.
Institute of Theoretical Physics and Advanced Studies for Biophysical Research
JOrthop Res 2002 Sep;20(5):1106-14
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on late-phase osteotomy gap healing in a canine tibial model.
Inoue N, Ohnishi I, Chen D, Deitz LW, Schwardt JD, Chao EY.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.
Altern Ther Health Med 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4):50-5
Effects of static magnets on chronic knee pain and physical function: a double-blind study.
Hinman MR, Ford J, Heyl H.
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
J Orthop Res 2002 Jul;20(4):756-63
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the osteointegration of hydroxyapatite implants in cancellous bone: a morphologic and microstructural in vivo study.
Fini M, Cadossi R, Cane V, Cavani F, Giavaresi G, Krajewski A, Martini L, Aldini NN, Ravaglioli A, Rimondini L, Torricelli P, Giardino R.
Bioelectromagnetics 2002 Jul;23(5):398-405
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on bone tissue like formation are dependent on the maturation stages of the osteoblasts.
Diniz P, Shomura K, Soejima K, Ito G.
Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima, Japan.
Calcif Tissue Int 2002 Jun;70(6):496-502
In vivo and in vitro effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field on net calcium flux in rat calvarial bone.
Spadaro JA, Bergstrom WH.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
Curr Med Res Opin 2001;17(3):190-6
Magnetic pulse treatment for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Pipitone N, Scott DL.
Rheumatology Department, King’s College Hospital (Dulwich), London, UK.
Hawaii Med J 2001 Nov;60(11):288, 300
The use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee preliminary report.
Danao-Camara T, Tabrah FL.
Division of Internal Medicine Subspecialities, Straub Clinic & Hospital, USA.
Can J Psychiatry 2001 Oct;46(8):720-7
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of mood disorder: a review and comparison with electroconvulsive therapy.
Hasey G.
Regional Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Psychol Med 2001 Oct;31(7):1141-6
Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders.
McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, Boniface S.
Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge.
Adv Ther 2001 Jan-Feb;18(1):12-20
Outcomes after posterolateral lumbar fusion with instrumentation in patients treated with adjunctive pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation.
Bose B.
Medical Center of Delaware, Newark, USA.
J Nippon Med Sch 2000 Jun;67(3):198-201
A case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia treated with pulsing electromagnetic fields. 17-year follow-up.
Ito H, Shirai Y, Gembun Y.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
Bioelectromagnetics 2000 May;21(4):272-86
Directed and enhanced neurite growth with pulsed magnetic field stimulation.
Macias MY, Battocletti JH, Sutton CH, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ.
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 Apr;105(4):1371-4
Effects of pulsed magnetic energy on a microsurgically transferred vessel.
Roland D, Ferder M, Kothuru R, Faierman T, Strauch B.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Adv Ther 2000 Mar-Apr;17(2):57-67
Spine fusion for discogenic low back pain: outcomes in patients treated with or without pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation.
Marks RA.
Richardson Orthopaedic Surgery, Texas 75080, USA.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000 Feb;26(1):51-62, viii
Electromagnetic fields and magnets. Investigational treatment for musculoskeletal disorders.
Trock DH.
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
J Neurotrauma. 1999 Jul;16(7):639-57.Links
An imposed oscillating electrical field improves the recovery of function in neurologically complete paraplegic dogs.
Borgens RB, Toombs JP, Breur G, Widmer WR, Waters D, Harbath AM, March P, Adams LG.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1999 Apr;25(1):6-10
Pulsed electromagnetic fields for the treatment of bone fractures.
Satter Syed A, Islam MS, Rabbani KS, Talukder MS.
Industrial Physics Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka.
J Hand Surg [Br] 1999 Feb;24(1):56-8
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on flexor tendon healing in chickens.
Robotti E, Zimbler AG, Kenna D, Grossman JA.
Miami Children’s Hospital, USA.
J Neurosci Res 1999 Jan 15;55(2):230-7
Electromagnetic fields influence NGF activity and levels following sciatic nerve transection.
Longo FM, Yang T, Hamilton S, Hyde JF, Walker J, Jennes L, Stach R, Sisken BF.
Department of Neurology, UCSF/VAMC, San Francisco, California, USA.
J Indian Med Assoc 1998 Sep;96(9):272-5
A study of the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy with respect to serological grouping in rheumatoid arthritis.
Ganguly KS, Sarkar AK, Datta AK, Rakshit A.
National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped (NIOH), Calcutta.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997 Apr;78(4):399-404
Pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields in experimental achilles tendonitis in the rat: a prospective randomized study.
Lee EW, Maffulli N, Li CK, Chan KM.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1997;12(1):43-53
Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing.
Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Sinclair PM.
Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia.
Medicina (B Aires) 1996;56(1):41-4
[Effect of magnetic fields on skin wound healing. Experimental study]
[Article in Spanish]
Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Merlo A.
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires.
J Burn Care Rehabil 1996 Nov-Dec;17(6 Pt 1):528-31
Pulsed electromagnetic fields in experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats.
Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Mino J, Merlo A, Benaim F.
Department of Postgraduate Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Universidad del Salvador and Fundacion del Quemado.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997 Apr;78(4):399-404
Pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields in experimental achilles tendonitis in the rat: a prospective randomized study.
Lee EW, Maffulli N, Li CK, Chan KM.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1997;12(1):43-53
Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing.
Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Sinclair PM.
Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia.
Medicina (B Aires) 1996;56(1):41-4
[Effect of magnetic fields on skin wound healing. Experimental study]
[Article in Spanish]
Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Merlo A.
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires.
J Burn Care Rehabil 1996 Nov-Dec;17(6 Pt 1):528-31
Pulsed electromagnetic fields in experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats.
Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Mino J, Merlo A, Benaim F.
Department of Postgraduate Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Universidad del Salvador and Fundacion del Quemado.
Clin Rheumatol 1996 Jul;15(4):325-8
Therapy with pulsed electromagnetic fields in aseptic loosening of total hip protheses: a prospective study.
Konrad K, Sevcic K, Foldes K, Piroska E, Molnar E.
Orszagos Reumatologiai es Fizioterapias Intezet, Budapes, Hungary.
J Burn Care Rehabil 1996 Nov-Dec;17(6 Pt 1):528-31
Pulsed electromagnetic fields in experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats.
Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Mino J, Merlo A, Benaim F.
Department of Postgraduate Reconstructive and Plastic
Foot Ankle Int 1994 Oct;15(10):552-6
Treatment of delayed unions and nonunions of the proximal fifth metatarsal with pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Holmes GB Jr.
University Orthopaedics, Rush Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.
Rheumatol 1994 Oct;21(10):1903-11
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials.
Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R.
Department of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, CT.
Exp Neurol 1994 Feb;125(2):302-5
Enhancement of functional recovery following a crush lesion to the rat sciatic nerve by exposure to pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Walker JL, Evans JM, Resig P, Guarnieri S, Meade P, Sisken BS.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Crippled Children, Lexington.
Bioelectromagnetics 1993;14(4):353-9
Pretreatment of rats with pulsed electromagnetic fields enhances regeneration of the sciatic nerve.
Kanje M, Rusovan A, Sisken B, Lundborg G.
Department of Animal Physiology, University of Lund, Sweden.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993 Apr;17(4):177-84.
Effects of electrical and electromagnetic stimulation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Currier DP1, Ray JM, Nyland J, Rooney JG, Noteboom JT, Kellogg R.
J Cell Biochem 1993 Apr;51(4):387-93
Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields.
Bassett CA.
Bioelectric Research Center, Columbia University, Riverdale, New York 10463.
J Rheumatol 1993 Mar;20(3):456-60
A double-blind trial of the clinical effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in osteoarthritis.
Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Dyer RH Jr, Fielding LP, Miner WK, Markoll R.
Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Danbury Hospital, CT 06810.
Plast Reconstr Surg 1991 Jan;87(1):122-9
A multivariate approach to the treatment of peripheral nerve transection injury: the role of electromagnetic field therapy.
Zienowicz RJ, Thomas BA, Kurtz WH, Orgel MG.
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield.
J Orthop Res 1990 Mar;8(2):276-82
Effect of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on skin ulcers of venous origin in humans: a double-blind study.
Ieran M, Zaffuto S, Bagnacani M, Annovi M, Moratti A, Cadossi R.
Department of Medical Angiology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
J Bone Miner Res 1990 May;5(5):437-42
Bone density changes in osteoporosis-prone women exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs).
Tabrah F, Hoffmeier M, Gilbert F Jr, Batkin S, Bassett CA.
University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Straub Clinic and Hospital, Honolulu.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1989 Jun 26;982(1):9-14
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on rat skin metabolism.
De Loecker W, Delport PH, Cheng N.
Afdeling Biochemie, Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, Belgium.
Brain Res 1989 Apr 24;485(2):309-16
Stimulation of rat sciatic nerve regeneration with pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Sisken BF, Kanje M, Lundborg G, Herbst E, Kurtz W.
Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506.
Bioelectromagnetics 1988;9(1):53-62
Effects of pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields on skin wounds in the rat.
Ottani V, De Pasquale V, Govoni P, Franchi M, Zaniol P, Ruggeri A.
Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Bologna, Italy.
J UOEH 1988 Mar 1;10(1):31-45
The effect of long-term pulsing electromagnetic field stimulation on experimental osteoporosis of rats.
Mishima S.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
J Hand Surg [Br] 1984 Jun;9(2):105-12
An experimental study of the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (Diapulse) on nerve repair.
Raji AM.
Clin Orthop 1983 Dec;(181):283-90
Effect of weak, pulsing electromagnetic fields on neural regeneration in the rat.
Ito H, Bassett CA.
J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983 Aug;65(4):478-92
Effects of high-peak pulsed electromagnetic field on the degeneration and regeneration of the common peroneal nerve in rats.
Raji AR, Bowden RE
This concludes the Arthritis Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy bibliography
