Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for Stroke research shows that PEMF as rTMS (repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) improves cell survival after ischemic shock. Early studies showed 90% reduced ischemic damage and subsequently up to 90% reduced disability immediately following stroke event.
As per the Stroke Foundation, Stroke is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States. Each year, approximately 795,000 people suffer a stroke. About 600,000 of these are first attacks, and 185,000 are recurrent attacks. Nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of 65.
Causes for Ichemic and Hemorrhagic stroke could be high blood pressure, diabetes, tobacco, heart diseases and even medicines!
ARM YOURSELF, BECAUSE YOUR DOCTOR SURE ISN’T GOING TO TELL YOU ABOUT IT because they just don’t know about it. If you’ve already had a stroke, we offer this important information to help you get back on your feet as quickly and effortlessly as is possible. We can’t claim you’ll get results but we’ve had clients report good results to us that are very gratifying.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS / TMS) is a head-centric, very strong but of short exposure pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Research on human subjects repeatedly shows strong motor and cognitive rehabilitative effects in stroke participants with no adverse side effects. We have many satisfied clients and contend you can do this better at home with nightlong and daily sessions than inconvenient & expensive sporadic ones. Those pulsed electromagnetic field / rTMS studies that fail are red-herring studies designed poorly to reveal no effect or ‘reviews’ by someone with ulterior motives. Beware the so called ‘experts’.
rTMS and pulsed electromagnetic field studies even 5-10 years post stroke show measurable improvement and we have seen very satisfactory effects in these people as well. If you look at EarthPulse reviews, you’ll notice our PEMF clients frequently report benefits. Again we can’t claim you’ll get similar results, but if you’re not satisfied, simply return it under our 90-day satisfaction guarantee. Based on available research PEMF therapy / rTMS used for stroke in concert with standard rehabilitative stroke therapy will result in SUBSTANTIALLY improved outcome over standard rehabilitative therapy alone.
In unrelated studies, pulsed electromagnetic field therapies have shown clear neuroprotective and regenerative effects. Ask yourself why you’ve never known about it until now…your tax dollars and big pharma at work.
It is important to understand, that when it comes to Stroke rehabilitation, it’s possible to hang in there at 50% of your former abilities and never be able to accomplish full recovery. Using PEMF as an entrainment tool, literally improves your brain’s mental acuity and its ability to learn and recover. According to studies, depression vanishes and determination sets in, this plays a huge role in getting back control of your body. Gain faster restoration of speech, vision and mobility, surprise your physiotherapist and neurosurgeon.
After a slow start with most of this research being done on Parkinson’s disease, thankfully we’re able to say that research for stroke recovery using PEMFs has surged in 2013; and literally EXPLODED in 2014. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy / rTMS works so good protecting against (and recovering from stroke disability) that similar to heart defibrillators, this simple technology should be made available in the home for those at risk for stroke and also for faster recovery during stroke rehabilitation.
Note: In studies below HF-rTMS is 10 Hz, and LF-rTMS is 1 Hz, all fits within our frequency spectrum nicely!
Magnetic Therapy Stroke Using PEMF / rTMS Bibliography
To read the original source, use Pubmed and search for Title of the citation
Noninvasive stimulation.
Ferrucci R, Priori A.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;155:393-405. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00026-3.
PMID: 29891074
Sleep during low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is associated with functional improvement in upper limb hemiparesis after stroke.
Niimi M, Sasaki N, Kimura C, Hara T, Yamada N, Abo M.
Acta Neurol Belg. 2018 Jun 7. doi: 10.1007/s13760-018-0957-1.
PMID: 29882010
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on walking and balance function after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li Y, Fan J, Yang J, He C, Li S.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 May 3. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000948.
PMID: 29734235
Effects of different frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke patients with non-fluent aphasia: a randomized, sham-controlled study.
Hu XY, Zhang T, Rajah GB, Stone C, Liu LX, He JJ, Shan L, Yang LY, Liu P, Gao F, Yang YQ, Wu XL, Ye CQ, Chen YD.
Neurol Res. 2018 Mar 28:1-7. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1453980.
PMID: 29589518
Effects of combining high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb hemiparesis in the early phase of stroke.
Long H, Wang H, Zhao C, Duan Q, Feng F, Hui N, Mao L, Liu H, Mou X, Yuan H.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2018;36(1):21-30. doi: 10.3233/RNN-170733.
PMID: 29439359
Effects of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Task-Oriented Mirror Therapy Training on Hand Rehabilitation of Acute Stroke Patients.
Kim J, Yim J.
Med Sci Monit. 2018 Feb 6;24:743-750.
PMID: 29402879
Video evidence of improved hand function following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with physical therapy in stroke: a case report.
Carey JR, Chen M, Streib CD.
Clin Case Rep. 2018 Mar 8;6(5):792-797. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1455. eCollection 2018 May.
PMID: 29744058
Neuroprotective Effect of Low Frequency-Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Ischemic Stroke.
Urnukhsaikhan E, Mishig-Ochir T, Kim SC, Park JK, Seo YK.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2017 Apr;181(4):1360-1371. doi: 10.1007/s12010-016-2289-z. Epub 2016 Oct 19.
PMID: 27761795
Mechanisms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treating on Post-stroke Depression.
Duan X, Yao G, Liu Z, Cui R, Yang W.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 May 30;12:215. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00215. eCollection 2018. Review.
PMID: 29899693
Stroke. 2014 Dec;45(12):3656-62. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007058. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
Efficacy of synchronous verbal training during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with chronic aphasia.
Wang CP1, Hsieh CY1, Tsai PY2, Wang CT1, Lin FG1, Chan RC1.
Eur J Neurosci. 2014 Nov;40(9):3405-12. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12717. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
Impact of 5-Hz rTMS over the primary sensory cortex is related to white matter volume in individuals with chronic stroke.
Brodie SM1, Borich MR, Boyd LA.
J Neurosurg. 2014 Oct 24:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via pulsed electromagnetic fields in the healthy rat brain.
Bragin DE1, Statom GL, Hagberg S, Nemoto EM.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014 Oct;28(8):740-50. doi: 10.1177/1545968314521009. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
Dual-hemisphere repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for rehabilitation of poststroke aphasia: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.
Khedr EM1, Abo El-Fetoh N2, Ali AM2, El-Hammady DH3, Khalifa H2, Atta H4, Karim AA5.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014 Oct;28(8):779-87. doi: 10.1177/1545968314522710. Epub 2014 Feb 13.
The persistent and broadly modulating effect of inhibitory rTMS in nonfluent aphasic patients: a sham-controlled, double-blind study.
Tsai PY1, Wang CP2, Ko JS3, Chung YM3, Chang YW3, Wang JX3.
Exp Brain Res. 2014 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
A comparison of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) by number of stimulation sessions on hemispatial neglect in chronic stroke patients.
Kim YK1, Jung JH, Shin SH.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Oct 2. pii: S0003-9993(14)01118-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.012. [Epub ahead of print]
Safety of primed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and modified constraint-induced movement therapy in a randomized controlled trial in pediatric hemiparesis.
Gillick B1, Krach LE2, Feyma T3, Rich TL3, Moberg K3, Menk J4, Cassidy J4, Kimberley T4, Carey JR4.
J Neurosurg. 2014 Oct 24:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via pulsed electromagnetic fields in the healthy rat brain.
Bragin DE1, Statom GL, Hagberg S, Nemoto EM.
Ann Rehabil Med. 2014 Oct;38(5):592-602. doi: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.5.592. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
Effect of Low-Frequency rTMS and NMES on Subacute Unilateral Hemispheric Stroke With Dysphagia.
Lim KB1, Lee HJ1, Yoo J1, Kwon YG1.
Ann Rehabil Med. 2014 Oct;38(5):585-91. doi: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.5.585. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
Comparison of the Effects of 1 Hz and 20 Hz rTMS on Motor Recovery in Subacute Stroke Patients.
Kim C1, Choi HE2, Jung H1, Lee BJ1, Lee KH1, Lim YJ1.
Neuropsychologia. 2014 Sep;62:269-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.026. Epub 2014 Aug 1.
Contralesional rTMS relieves visual extinction in chronic stroke.
Agosta S1, Herpich F2, Miceli G3, Ferraro F4, Battelli L5.
Mol Neurobiol. 2014 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Cognitive Impairment in Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis.
Cao L1, Zhao R, Huo S, Du JB, Liu L, Zhang YM, Song WQ.
Transl Stroke Res. 2014 Aug;5(4):491-500. doi: 10.1007/s12975-014-0334-1. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on infarct size and inflammation after cerebral ischemia in mice.
Pena-Philippides JC1, Yang Y, Bragina O, Hagberg S, Nemoto E, Roitbak T.
Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014 Aug;16(8):e13579. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.13579. Epub 2014 Aug 5.
Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve motor function and grip force of upper limbs of patients with hemiplegia.
Motamed Vaziri P1, Bahrpeyma F1, Firoozabadi M2, Forough B3, Hatef B4, Sheikhhoseini R5, Shamili A6.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 18;9(7):e102557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102557. eCollection 2014.
Effect of low-frequency rTMS on aphasia in stroke patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Ren CL1, Zhang GF2, Xia N3, Jin CH2, Zhang XH4, Hao JF4, Guan HB4, Tang H4, Li JA3, Cai DL4.
J Med Assoc Thai. 2014 Jul;97 Suppl 7:S45-9.
Reach-to-grasp training in individuals with chronic stroke augmented by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Vongvaivanichakul P, Tretriluxana J, Bovonsunthonchai S, Pakaprot N, Laksanakorn W.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Jun;95(6):1141-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.019. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with H-coil on lower limb motor function in chronic stroke: a pilot study.
Chieffo R1, De Prezzo S1, Houdayer E1, Nuara A1, Di Maggio G1, Coppi E1, Ferrari L1, Straffi L1, Spagnolo F1, Velikova S1, Sessa M1, Comola M1, Zangen A2, Comi G1, Leocani L3.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 May;93(5):422-30. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000027.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hand function recovery and excitability of the motor cortex after stroke: a meta-analysis.
Le Q1, Qu Y, Tao Y, Zhu S.
J Rehabil Med. 2014 May;46(5):418-23. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1802.
Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum on patients with ataxia after posterior circulation stroke: A pilot study.
Kim WS1, Jung SH, Oh MK, Min YS, Lim JY, Paik NJ.
Funct Neurol. 2014 Apr 7:1-5. [Epub ahead of print]
Cerebellar theta burst stimulation in stroke patients with ataxia.
Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Caltagirone C, Koch G.
Case Rep Neurol. 2014 Mar 20;6(1):60-7. doi: 10.1159/000360936. eCollection 2014.
Bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with intensive swallowing rehabilitation for chronic stroke Dysphagia: a case series study.
Momosaki R1, Abo M1, Kakuda W1.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Mar 21;8:143. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00143. eCollection 2014.
5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the ipsilesional sensory cortex enhances motor learning after stroke.
Brodie SM1, Meehan S2, Borich MR1, Boyd LA1.
Funct Neurol. 2014 Jan-Mar;29(1):41-5.
Cerebellar theta burst stimulation in stroke patients with ataxia.
Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Caltagirone C, Koch G.
NeuroRehabilitation. 2014 Jan 1;35(3):363-8. doi: 10.3233/NRE-141127.
NMES with rTMS for moderate to severe dysfunction after stroke.
Koyama S1, Tanabe S2, Warashina H1, Kaneko T1, Sakurai H2, Kanada Y2, Nagata J3, Kanno T3.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2014 Jan 1;32(6):825-35. doi: 10.3233/RNN-140410.
Inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralesional premotor and primary motor cortices facilitate poststroke motor recovery.
Wang CC1, Wang CP2, Tsai PY3, Hsieh CY4, Chan RC3, Yeh SC5.
Brain Inj. 2014;28(13-14):1682-6. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.947626. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
Bilateral high- and low-frequency rTMS in acute stroke patients with hemiparesis: A comparative study with unilateral high-frequency rTMS.
Sasaki N1, Kakuda W, Abo M.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2014;32(4):483-505. doi: 10.3233/RNN-130365.
Language improvements after TMS plus modified CILT: Pilot, open-protocol study with two, chronic nonfluent aphasia cases.
Martin PI1, Treglia E1, Naeser MA1, Ho MD1, Baker EH1, Martin EG1, Bashir S2, Pascual-Leone A3.
Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2013 Dec;30(6):1229-34.
[Meta-analysis of the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on paretic hand recovery after stroke].
[Article in Chinese]
Le Q, Qu Y, Zhu S, Tao Y, Li Y.
Effect of serotonin on paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex.
Batsikadze G, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Oct;38(11):2260-7. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.127. Epub 2013 May 17.
Effects of repetitive trascranial magnetic stimulation on repetitive facilitation exercises of the hemiplegic hand in chronic stroke patients.
Etoh S, Noma T, Ikeda K, Jonoshita Y, Ogata A, Matsumoto S, Shimodozono M, Kawahira K.
J Rehabil Med. 2013 Sep 9;45(9):843-7. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1175.
Effect of anodal versus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on strokerehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Khedr EM, Shawky OA, El-Hammady DH, Rothwell JC, Darwish ES, Mostafa OM, Tohamy AM.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013 Sep;27(7):592-601. doi: 10.1177/1545968313484808. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
Safety and Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Acute Experimental Ischemic Stroke.
Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Cambiaghi M, Bacigaluppi M, Gallizioli M, Gaude E, Mari S, Sandrone S, Cursi M, Teneud L, Comi G, Musco G, Martino G, Leocani L.
Inhibitory theta burst stimulation of affected hemisphere in chronic stroke: A proof of principle, sham-controlled study.
Di Lazzaro V, Rothwell JC, Talelli P, Capone F, Ranieri F, Wallace AC, Musumeci G, Dileone M.
Neurosci Lett. 2013 Aug 23. doi:pii: S0304-3940(13)00746-5. 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.013. [Epub ahead of print]
Behavioral and neuroplastic effects of low-frequency rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in a chronic strokepatient: A concomitant TMS and fMRI study.
Salatino A, Berra E, Troni W, Sacco K, Cauda F, D’Agata F, Geminiani G, Duca S, Dimanico U, Ricci R.
Neurocase. 2013 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of EMG triggered electrical stimulation ± task practice on arm function in chronicstroke patients with moderate-severe arm deficits.
Singer BJ, Vallence AM, Cleary S, Cooper I, Loftus A.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2013 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Changes in thresholds for intracortical excitability in chronic stroke: More than just altered intracortical inhibition.
Edwards JD, Meehan SK, Linsdell MA, Borich MR, Anbarani K, Jones PW, Ferris J, Boyd LA.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2013 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Priming the Brain to Capitalize on Metaplasticity in Stroke Rehabilitation.
Cassidy JM, Gillick BT, Carey JR.
Phys Ther. 2013 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Long-term cortical reorganization following stroke in a single subject with severe motor impairment.
Chelette KC, Carrico C, Nichols L, Sawaki L.
NeuroRehabilitation. 2013 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print]
High-frequency rTMS using a double cone coil for gait disturbance.
Kakuda W, Abo M, Nakayama Y, Kiyama A, Yoshida H.
Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 Aug;128(2):100-6. doi: 10.1111/ane.12085. Epub 2013 Feb 7.
Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on language networks and recovery in early poststroke aphasia.
Thiel A, Hartmann A, Rubi-Fessen I, Anglade C, Kracht L, Weiduschat N, Kessler J, Rommel T, Heiss WD.
Stroke. 2013 Aug;44(8):2240-6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000574. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
Functional cortical reorganization after low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation plus intensive occupational therapy for upper limb hemiparesis: evaluation by functional magnetic resonance imaging in poststroke patients.
Yamada N, Kakuda W, Senoo A, Kondo T, Mitani S, Shimizu M, Abo M.
Int J Stroke. 2013 Aug;8(6):422-9. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12056. Epub 2013 May 22.
Targeted transcranial direct current stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke. (after targeted MRI…compared to short session rTMS exposure….so if you’d rather toss your money and hunt to find a technician and MD and DC willing to do so & a stim stim system… go ahead and do so….we contend you can do it better with daily / nightly PEMF)
Dmochowski JP, Datta A, Huang Y, Richardson JD, Bikson M, Fridriksson J, Parra LC.
Neuroimage. 2013 Jul 15;75:12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049. Epub 2013 Mar 5.
Repeated sessions of functional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases motor cortex excitability and motor control in survivors of stroke.
Massie CL, Tracy BL, Paxton RJ, Malcolm MP.
NeuroRehabilitation. 2013 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Utilizing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve language function in strokepatients with chronic non-fluent aphasia.
Garcia G, Norise C, Faseyitan O, Naeser MA, Hamilton RH.
J Vis Exp. 2013 Jul 2;(77):e50228. doi: 10.3791/50228.
Bihemispheric repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with intensive occupational therapy for upper limb hemiparesis after stroke: a preliminary study.
Yamada N, Kakuda W, Kondo T, Shimizu M, Mitani S, Abo M.
Int J Rehabil Res. 2013 Jun 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving function after stroke. A TYPICAL RED HERRING…NO EVIDENCE…SURE BUD…OBVIOUSLY YOU CAN’T READ
Hao Z, Wang D, Zeng Y, Liu M.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;5:CD008862. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008862.pub2.
Effect of high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visuospatial neglect in patients with acute stroke: a double-blind, sham-controlled trial.
Kim BR, Chun MH, Kim DY, Lee SJ.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 May;94(5):803-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.016. Epub 2013 Jan 5.
Comparison of the effects of high- (10 Hz) and low-frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationon upper limb hemiparesis in the early phase of stroke. GUESS WHICH ONE WORKED BETTER
Sasaki N, Mizutani S, Kakuda W, Abo M.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 May;22(4):413-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
Efficacy of coupling inhibitory and facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to enhance motor recovery in hemiplegic stroke patients.
Sung WH, Wang CP, Chou CL, Chen YC, Chang YC, Tsai PY.
Stroke. 2013 May;44(5):1375-82. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000522. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
Post-stroke dysphagia: progress at last.
Rofes L, Vilardell N, Clavé P.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Apr;25(4):278-82. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12112. Epub 2013 Mar 11.
The effect of 5Hz high-frequency rTMS over contralesional pharyngeal motor cortex in post-strokeoropharyngeal dysphagia: a randomized controlled study.
Park JW, Oh JC, Lee JW, Yeo JS, Ryu KH.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Apr;25(4):324-e250. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12063. Epub 2012 Dec 23.
Theta burst stimulation improves visuo-spatial attention in a patient with traumatic brain injury.
Bonnì S, Mastropasqua C, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C, Koch G.
Neurol Sci. 2013 Mar 27. [Epub ahead of print]
Intermittent theta burst stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex of subacute ischemic strokepatients: a pilot study.
Hsu YF, Huang YZ, Lin YY, Tang CW, Liao KK, Lee PL, Tsai YA, Cheng HL, Cheng H, Chern CM, Lee IH.
Brain Stimul. 2013 Mar;6(2):166-74. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.007. Epub 2012 May 12.
Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the non-lesioned hemisphere improves paretic arm reach-to-grasp performance after chronic stroke.
Tretriluxana J, Kantak S, Tretriluxana S, Wu AD, Fisher BE.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2013 Mar;8(2):121-4. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2012.737136. Epub 2012 Dec 17.
[Present and future of the transcranial magnetic stimulation].
Leon-Sarmiento FE, Granadillo E, Bayona EA.
Invest Clin. 2013 Mar;54(1):74-89. Review. Spanish.
rTMS as a treatment for neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders.
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE.
Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 Feb;127(2):77-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01710.x. Epub 2012 Aug 9. Review.
Long term language recovery subsequent to low frequency rTMS in chronic non-fluent aphasia.
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Riek S, O’Sullivan JD, Wong A, Lloyd D, Coulthard A.
NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32(4):915-28. doi: 10.3233/NRE-130915
Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2013;23(11):1264-6.
[Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation].
[Article in Japanese]
Non-invasive cerebral stimulation for the upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a review.
Kandel M, Beis JM, Le Chapelain L, Guesdon H, Paysant J.
Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2012 Dec;55(9-10):657-80. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2012.09.001. Epub 2012 Sep 29
Neural correlates of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improvement in post-strokenon-fluent aphasia: A case study.
Dammekens E, Vanneste S, Ost J, De Ridder D.
Neurocase. 2012 Sep 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Finding the Right Words: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Discourse Productivity in Non-fluent Aphasia After Stroke.
Medina J, Norise C, Faseyitan O, Coslett HB, Turkeltaub PE, Hamilton RH.
Aphasiology. 2012 Sep 1;26(9):1153-1168. Epub 2012 Aug 29.
Modulation of training by single-session transcranial direct current stimulation to the intact motor cortex enhances motor skill acquisition of the paretic hand.
Zimerman M, Heise KF, Hoppe J, Cohen LG, Gerloff C, Hummel FC.
Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2185-91. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.645382. Epub 2012 May 22.
Theta burst stimulation over the right Broca’s homologue induces improvement of naming in aphasic patients.
Kindler J, Schumacher R, Cazzoli D, Gutbrod K, Koenig M, Nyffeler T, Dierks T, Müri RM.
Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2175-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.647503. Epub 2012 May 10.
Improved receptive and expressive language abilities in nonfluent aphasic stroke patients after application of rTMS: an open protocol case series. Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM, Lloyd D, Riek S, O’Sullivan JD, Coulthard A, Wong A.
Brain Stimul. 2012 Jul;5(3):274-86. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.005. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in mild to severe hemiparesis early after stroke: a proof of principle and novel approach to improve motor function. Conforto AB, Anjos SM, Saposnik G, Mello EA, Nagaya EM, Santos W Jr, Ferreiro KN, Melo ES, Reis FI, Scaff M, Cohen LG.
J Neurol. 2012 Jul;259(7):1399-405. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6364-7. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
Facilitation of speech repetition accuracy by theta burst stimulation of the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus. Restle J, Murakami T, Ziemann U.
Neuropsychologia. 2012 Jul;50(8):2026-31. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.001. Epub 2012 May 11.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor functions in patients withstroke: a meta-analysis.
Hsu WY, Cheng CH, Liao KK, Lee IH, Lin YY.
Stroke. 2012 Jul;43(7):1849-57. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.649756. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
Neurosci Lett. 2012 Jun 21;519(1):4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.089. Epub 2012 Apr 5.
Attenuation of interleukin-1beta by pulsed electromagnetic fields after traumatic brain injury.
Rasouli J1, Lekhraj R, White NM, Flamm ES, Pilla AA, Strauch B, Casper D.
Transient beneficial effects of excitatory theta burst stimulation in a patient with phonological agraphia after left supramarginal gyrus infarction.
Nardone R, De Blasi P, Zuccoli G, Tezzon F, Golaszewski S, Trinka E.
Brain Lang. 2012 Mar;120(3):422-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.01.001. Epub 2012 Jan 31.
rTMS combined with task-oriented training to improve symmetry of interhemispheric corticomotor excitability and gait performance after stroke: a randomized trial.
Wang RY, Tseng HY, Liao KK, Wang CJ, Lai KL, Yang YR.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Mar-Apr;26(3):222-30. doi: 10.1177/1545968311423265. Epub 2011 Oct 5
Low-frequency rTMS promotes use-dependent motor plasticity in chronic stroke: a randomized trial.
Avenanti A, Coccia M, Ladavas E, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG.
Neurology. 2012 Jan 24;78(4):256-64. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182436558. Epub 2012 Jan 11.
A multi-center study on low-frequency rTMS combined with intensive occupational therapy for upper limb hemiparesis in post-stroke patients.
Kakuda W, Abo M, Shimizu M, Sasanuma J, Okamoto T, Yokoi A, Taguchi K, Mitani S, Harashima H, Urushidani N, Urashima M; NEURO Investigators.
Mechanism of functional recovery after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the subacute cerebral ischemic rat model: neural plasticity or anti-apoptosis?
Yoon KJ, Lee YT, Han TR.
Exp Brain Res. 2011 Oct;214(4):549-56. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2853-2. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
Improved language performance subsequent to low-frequency rTMS in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia post-stroke.
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM, Lloyd D, Riek S, O’ Sullivan JD, Coulthard A, Wong A.
Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jul;18(7):935-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03284.x. Epub 2010 Dec 7.
Modulation of N400 in chronic non-fluent aphasia using low frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS).
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM, Lloyd D, Riek S, O’Sullivan JD, Coulthard A, Wong A.
Centre for Neurogenic Communication Disorders Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland
Med Sci Monit. 2011 Feb 25;17(3):CR132-139.
Excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces improvements in chronic post-stroke aphasia.
Szaflarski JP, Vannest J, Wu SW, Difrancesco MW, Banks C, Gilbert DL.
Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A.and Center for Imaging Research, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. and Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A.
Australia.NeuroRehabilitation. 2011 Jan 1;28(2):113-28.
The effects of low frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and sham condition rTMS on behavioural language in chronic non-fluent aphasia: Short term outcomes.
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM, Lloyd D, Riek S, O’Sullivan J, Coulthard A, Wong A, Aitken P, Hall G.
Centre for Neurogenic Communication Disorders Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
Eur J Neurol. 2010 Sep;17(9):1203-9. Epub 2010 Apr 8.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1Hz and 5Hz produces sustained improvement in motor function and disability after ischaemic stroke.
Emara TH, Moustafa RR, Elnahas NM, Elganzoury AM, Abdo TA, Mohamed SA, Eletribi MA.
Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Eur J Neurol. 2010 Dec 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03284.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Improved language performance subsequent to low-frequency rTMS in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia post-stroke.
Barwood CH, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM, Lloyd D, Riek S, O’ Sullivan JD, Coulthard A, Wong A.
Centre for Neurogenic Communication Disorders Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia.
J Rehabil Med. 2010 Sep;42(8):758-64. Long-term effects of rTMS on motor recovery in patients after subacute stroke.
Chang WH, Kim YH, Bang OY, Kim ST, Park YH, Lee PK.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):545-59.
Short- and long-term effect of rTMS on motor function recovery after ischemic stroke.
Khedr EM, Fetoh NA.
Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]
Protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia: a microPET study.
Gao F, Wang S, Guo Y, Wang J, Lou M, Wu J, Ding M, Tian M, Zhang H.
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
PURPOSE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive method to excite neurons in the brain. However, the underlying mechanism of its therapeutic effects in stroke remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of high-frequency rTMS (usually 1< up to 20 hz but not disclosed here) in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia using positron emission tomography (PET).
METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate and subjected to 90 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with subsequent reperfusion in three groups: control (n=10), rTMS (n=10), or sham-rTMS groups (n=10). In the rTMS group, rTMS was given 1 h after ischaemia and every 24 h for 7 days after MCAO. In all three groups, small-animal PET (microPET) imaging with (18)F-FDG was used to evaluate brain glucose metabolism. Apoptotic molecules were measured in the infarct margin using immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: The neurological scores of the rats in the rTMS group were higher than in those of the control group over the whole 7-day observation period. The total, cortical and striatal infarct volumes were significantly less in the rTMS group than in the control group, as measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. (18)F-FDG microPET images showed significantly higher standardized uptake values in the cortex and striatum in the rTMS group than in the control group in the affected hemisphere. The number of cells positive for caspase-3 was significantly lower in the rTMS group than in the control group, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly higher in the rTMS group than in the control group.
CONCLUSION: rTMS therapy increased glucose metabolism (no doubt in tandem w/enhanced oxygen metabolism) and inhibited apoptosis in the ischaemic hemisphere. (18)F-FDG PET could be used to monitor rTMS therapy in transient cerebral ischaemia in animal studies and in future clinical trials.
Acta Neurol Scand. 2010 Jan;121(1):30-7. Epub 2009 Aug 11.
Long-term effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery after acute ischemic stroke.
Khedr EM, Etraby AE, Hemeda M, Nasef AM, Razek AA.
Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. emankhedr99@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE: Although there is evidence for short term benefits of rTMS in stroke, longer term effects have not been reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two different frequencies of rTMS on motor recovery and on cortical excitability up to 1 year post-treatment.
METHODS: Forty-eight patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomly classified into three groups. The first two groups received real rTMS over motor cortex (3 and 10 Hz respectively)of the affected hemisphere and the third group received sham stimulation of the same site, daily for five consecutive days. Disability was assessed before, after fifth sessions, and then after 1, 2, 3 and 12 months. Cortical excitability was assessed for both hemispheres before and after the second and fifth sessions.
RESULTS: A significant ‘rTMS x time’ interaction was obtained indicating that real and sham rTMS had different effects on rating scales. This was because real rTMS produced greater improvement than sham that was evident even at one year follow-up. These improvements were associated with changes in cortical excitability over the period of treatment.
CONCLUSION: These results confirm that real rTMS over motor cortex can enhance and maintain recovery and may be a useful add on therapy in treatment of acute stroke patients.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Therapeutic role of rTMS on recovery of dysphagia in patients with lateral medullary syndrome and brain stem infarction.
Khedr E, Abo-Elfetoh N.
Department of Neurology , Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
Background and purpose: There is some evidence for a therapeutic effect of rTMS on dysphagia in hemispheric stroke. Aim of the study: To compare the effect of real or sham rTMS applied to the motor area of both hemispheres in patients with acute Lateral medullay (LMI) or brain stem infarctions.
Material and METHOD: The study included 22 patients with acute ischemic stroke who had severe bulbar manifestation. 11 patients had LMI and 11 had brain stem infarction. They were randomly allocated to receive real (n = 11) or sham (n = 11) rTMS of the esophageal motor cortex. Each patient received 300 rTMS pulses at 3 Hz and an intensity of 130% resting motor threshold to each hemisphere for five consecutive days. Clinical ratings of dysphagia and motor disability were assessed before and immediately after the last session and then again after 1 and 2 months.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in baseline clinical assessment of swallowing between real and sham groups. Real rTMS improved dysphagia compared with sham rTMS in both groups of patients,(P = 0.001 for both); the LMI group also improved the scores in the Barthel Index. All improvements were maintained over 2 months of follow-up (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that rTMS could be a useful adjuvant strategy in neurorehabilitation of dysphagia due to LMI or brain stem infarction, although further assessment is necessary in multicentre clinical trials.
Eur J Neurol. 2009 Dec;16(12):1323-30. Epub 2009 Sep 23.
Role of 1 and 3 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function recovery after acute ischaemic stroke.
Khedr EM, Abdel-Fadeil MR, Farghali A, Qaid M.
Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. emankhedr99@yahoo.com
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term effect of five daily sessions of 1 vs. 3 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor recovery in acute stroke.
METHODS: A total of 36 patients with acute ischaemic stroke participated in the study. The patients were randomly assigned into one of three groups; the first and second groups received real rTMS; 1 and 3 Hz and third group received sham stimulation, daily for 5 days. Motor disability was assessed before and after the last session, and then after first, second and third month. Cortical excitability was assessed before and after the second and fifth session. The outcome measure was clinical disability at 3 months post-rTMS.
RESULTS: No significant differences were found in basal rating scales between the three groups. At the 3-month time point, both of the real rTMS groups had improved significantly more in different rating scales than the sham group; in addition, the 1 Hz group performed better than the 3 Hz group. Measures of cortical excitability immediately after the last session showed that the 1 Hz group had reduced excitability of the non-stroke hemisphere and increased excitability of the stroke hemisphere, whereas the 3 Hz group only showed increased excitability of the stroke hemisphere.
CONCLUSION: These results confirm that five daily sessions of rTMS over motor cortex using either 1 Hz over the unaffected hemisphere or 3 Hz over the affected hemisphere can enhance recovery. At 3 months, the improvement was more pronounced in 1 Hz group.
J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009 Mar 2;6:7
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, synaptic plasticity and network oscillations.
The basic principle of TMS is that most neuronal axons that fall within the volume of magnetic stimulation become electrically excited, trigger action potentials and release neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic neurons. What happens afterwards remains elusive, especially in the case of repeated stimulation. Here we discuss the likelihood that certain TMS protocols produce long-term changes in cortical synapses akin to long-term potentiation and long-term depression of synaptic transmission. Beyond the synaptic effects, TMS might have consequences on other neuronal processes, such as genetic and protein regulation, and circuit-level patterns, such as network oscillations. Furthermore, TMS might have non-neuronal effects such as changes in blood flow, which are still poorly understood.
Acta Neurol Scand. 2009 Mar;119(3):155-61. Epub 2008 Sep 3
Treatment of post-stroke dysphagia with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
Chin Med J (Engl). 2008 Jul 20;121(14):1307-12.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on adenosine triphosphate content and microtubule associated protein-2 expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (stroke) in rat brain.
Feng HL, Yan L, Cui LY.
Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
RESULTS: rTMS could significantly increase ATP content and MAP-2 expression in the left brain following ischemic insult (P < 0.01) and different rTMS parameters had different effects on the ATP level and the MAP-2 expression in the left striatum. A high-frequency rTMS played an important role in MAP-2 expression and ATP preservation.
CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that rTMS induced significant increase of ATP content and MAP-2 expression in the injured area of the brain, suggesting that the regulation of both ATP and MAP-2 may be involved in the biological mechanism of the effect of rTMS on neural recovery. Therefore, rTMS may become a potential adjunctive therapy for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
Stroke. 2007 Apr;38(4):1286-92. Epub 2007 Feb 22.
The right inferior frontal gyrus and poststroke aphasia: a follow-up investigation.
Winhuisen L, Thiel A, Schumacher B, Kessler J, Rudolf J, Haupt WF, Heiss WD.
Source
Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Expert Rev Neurother. 2007 Mar;7(3):249-58
Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain in stroke rehabilitation.
Istituto di Neurologia, Universita Cattolica, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Feb;118(2):333-42. Epub 2006 Dec 12
Exploring Theta Burst Stimulation as an intervention to improve motor recovery in chronic stroke.
Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), UK
NeuroRx. 2006 Oct;3(4):474-81
Noninvasive brain stimulation in stroke rehabilitation.
Human Cortical Physiology Section and Stroke Neurorehabilitation Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Stroke. 2006 Jun;37(6):1471-6. Epub 2006 May 4.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke.
Kim YH, You SH, Ko MH, Park JW, Lee KH, Jang SH, Yoo WK, Hallett M.
RESULTS: rTMS resulted in significantly larger increase in the MEP amplitude than the sham rTMS (P<0.01), and the change was positively associated with an enhanced motor performance accuracy.
Stroke. 2006 Jun 29; [Epub ahead of print]
A Sham-Controlled Trial of a 5-Day Course of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Unaffected Hemisphere in Stroke Patients.
Fregni F, Boggio PS, Valle AC, Rocha RR, Duarte J, Ferreira MJ, Wagner T, Fecteau S, Rigonatti SP, Riberto M, Freedman SD, Pascual-Leone A.
From the Harvard Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
RESULTS: Active rTMS resulted in a significant improvement of the motor function performance in the affected hand that lasted for 2 weeks. These effects were not observed in the sham rTMS group (affected and unaffected hand). Furthermore, this increased dose of rTMS is not associated with cognitive adverse effects and/or epileptogenic activity
Neurology. 2005 Aug 9;65(3):466-8.
Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke.
Khedr EM, Ahmed MA, Fathy N, Rothwell JC. Department of Neurology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
Disability scales at the end of the last rTMS session, and 10 days later showed that real rTMS improved patients’ scores more than sham.
Improving disability in stroke with RTMS.
Lancet Neurol. 2005 Aug;4(8):454-5. No abstract available (huh?…i wonder what this showed they don’t want you to read)
PMID: 16033688 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Semin Speech Lang. 2004 May;25(2):181-91.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a complementary treatment for aphasia.
Following 10 rTMS treatments, significant improvement in naming pictures was observed. This form of rTMS may provide a novel, complementary treatment for aphasia.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 May;115(5):1044-51.
Induction of long-term plasticity in human swallowing motor cortex following repetitive cortical stimulation.
SIGNIFICANCE: This might be a useful approach in the motor rehabilitation of dysphagic stroke patients who have damage to sensory projections to the swallowing cortex.
Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Feb 15;55(4):398-405.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study.
BACKGROUND: Depression has a significant impact on poststroke recovery and mortality. There are a proportion of patients with poststroke depression (PSD) who do not respond to antidepressants. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) might be a safe and effective alternative in these refractory cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these preliminary findings suggest that rTMS may be an effective and safe treatment alternative for patients with refractory depression and stroke.
Bioelectromagnetics. 1994;15(3):205-16.
Protection against focal cerebral ischemia following exposure to a pulsed electromagnetic field.
Grant G, Cadossi R, Steinberg G.
Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, California 94305.
There is evidence that electromagnetic stimulation may accelerate the healing of tissue damage following ischemia. We undertook this study to investigate the effects of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on cerebral injury in a rabbit model of transient focal ischemia (2 h occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion). PEMF exposure (280 V, 75 Hz, IGEA Stimulator) was initiated 10 min after the onset of ischemia and continued throughout reperfusion (six exposed, six controls). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology were used to measure the degree of ischemic injury. Exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field attenuated cortical ischemia edema on MRI at the most anterior coronal level by 65% (P < 0.001). On histologic examination, PEMF exposure reduced ischemic neuronal damage in this same cortical area by 69% (P < 0.01) and by 43% (P < 0.05) in the striatum. Preliminary data suggest that exposure to a PEMF of short duration may have implications for the treatment of acute stroke.
J Cell Biochem. 1993 Apr;51(4):387-93.
Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields.
Bassett CA.
Bioelectric Research Center, Columbia University, Riverdale, New York 10463.
Selective control of cell function by applying specifically configured, weak, time-varying magnetic fields has added a new, exciting dimension to biology and medicine. Field parameters for therapeutic, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMFs) were designed to induce voltages similar to those produced, normally, during dynamic mechanical deformation of connective tissues. As a result, a wide variety of challenging musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully over the past two decades. More than a quarter million patients with chronically ununited fractures have benefitted, worldwide, from this surgically non-invasive method, without risk, discomfort, or the high costs of operative repair. Many of the athermal bioresponses, at the cellular and subcellular levels, have been identified and found appropriate to correct or modify the pathologic processes for which PEMFs have been used. Not only is efficacy supported by these basic studies but by a number of double-blind trials. As understanding of mechanisms expands, specific requirements for field energetics are being defined and the range of treatable ills broadened. These include nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior, diabetes, and myocardial and cerebral ischemia (heart attack and stroke), among other conditions. Preliminary data even suggest possible benefits in controlling malignancy.
Basset pre-dates R.O. Becker’s use of electricity to heal bone.
End of stroke and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy / rTMS bibliograpahy
